001okay youtube is live mr casa the meeting is yours all right this calls to order the may safe schools committee meeting uh thank you for those in attendance uh today we'll begin with the pledge of allegiance i pledge allegiance to the flag of the united states of america and to the republic for which it stands one nation under god indivisible with liberty and justice for all next time business will be public comments do we have any hands raised mr gilmer [Music] let me check our participants here i do have one hand raised it is mr lanier excellent i am opening your microphone so when you're ready to begin mr linear you can your microphone i'm sorry you gotta read the disclaimer first hold on one second then we can yeah go ahead thanks for your
002patience mr lanier thanks mr gilmer individuals attending this meeting virtually and intending to speak to the committee should be aware that they are being recorded in order to meet the requirements of pennsylvania's sunshine law it is necessary to record the names of all citizens who speak to the committee during the meeting to assure compliance with this requirement is essential if those planning to address the committee raise their hand electronically and state their name and address members of the audience are asked to limit their questions and comments to allow time for those who wish to speak to the committee the chairperson may ask an individual to yield a microphone to the next speaker also add that during committee meetings and due to time constraints and a following meeting we are sticking to just the items on
003the agenda thank you okay very good all right mr linear now i've enabled your microphone so you're ready to begin you can unmute state your name and address and begin your comments please uh jason lindara 100 oak drive lansdale um i'm calling in regarding i'm assuming this falls under the safe school charter but uh this is all regarding the uh covet masking that we're currently doing and then the the necessity or whether it's i should say the non-necessity of doing this uh we've we've already it's already been established that if you're vaccinated you don't have to worry about other people right this is this was the whole point of uh what fauci was talking about and i'm assuming most the people in the conference room there have been vaccinated yet they're still wearing a mask
004with each other in an indoor space i don't know what what you're trying to what message you're trying to send you're trying to be extra safe or you're you're doing this just as a as a tall one just to try to make people feel like you're on their side but it seems completely unnecessary uh in in in actually this was established well ahead of uh of when it was announced by fouchy that's okay to take off your mask inside indoors with other vaccinated people there's numerous studies i mentioned this time and again maybe i'll just read a few of the the uh the catch lines from them or their their conclusion what they have let you know and if you want any of this information i'm more than happy to send you the link to
005the actual uh journal article but uh here you go um this is from the national institute of health this is their national library of medicine medical masks were not effective and cloth masks make it even less effective when used by sick patients randomized control suggestion uh suggests that protections is not uh it does not protect well um does not protect contacts excuse me uh here you go again this is from um the public library of science these are all journal journal magazines if you don't know uh this trial was unable to provide conclusive evidence evidence on face max efficiency against viral respiratory infections most likely due to poor adherence or to protocol um this is from uh the this is actually one of the largest ones that was took place over in europe from it
006was published in the annals of internal medicine on march 21st of this year okay this year our results suggest that the recommendation to wear surgical masks when outside uh outside the home among others did not reduce the conventional levels of statistical significance the indication that covid19 or excuse me sars covered two infections and mask wearers meaning it didn't do anything and and put that on top of the survivability of this virus from all the data we have and this isn't even including all the people who are uh asymptomatic but it's it's for kids 0 to 24 it's just the way the numbers broke up uh is 99.9997 percent and yet we're having the kids wear masks you guys need to manage the statistics if they're trying to mandate this going into the fall thank you
007be well any other raised hands mr gilmer that is it for public comment okay thank you [Music] now uh move to approval of the minutes do we have a motion to approve the minutes from the uh april i'm losing track thinking of june already do we have approval for the april safe school uh minutes so move second second those minutes are are there any comments or questions okay those minutes are approved move on now to informational items mr durr the floor is yours thank you mr casa um quickly our first informational item tonight that i'd like the committee to discuss are the committee meeting start times for 2022 so this would be starting in january and just as a note this item appears on both our agenda here at safe schools tonight and facilities and
008operations since both meetings fall on the same night so i'll defer to you if you'd like to have the discussion in fno or or here at this meeting but we're looking to finalize those meeting times for 2022 if we'd like to increase the uh meeting length for safe schools by shifting i'll uh i'll ask my colleagues any suggestions should we expand from six to a later time or should we remain at the 6 to 6 30 time frame [Music] dr lewis campbell well if the six o'clock time works for us then let's stick with it if we need to go beyond 6 30 as we've done in the past we do that so when that happens does it impact the facilities and operation media not to be contrary i think sometimes we're rushed with safe
009schools to get to fno and i think i don't know if it's a if it's slightly earlier if that's convenient for the other committee members to start earlier or the administration or go a little later but i think another 15 minutes or so a little wiggle would help because it does seem rushed on occasion and with coke coming out of covid and other issues it might make sense mr casa is my mate do you think we could do 545 because i was thinking yeah maybe 5 45 would work but i don't want to be too early for the committee members but maybe 5 45. is that what mr durr is suggesting 545 is perfectly fine with me but whatever is convenient for the committee members of course do we have any objections to a 5
01045 to 6 30 time frame i was just going to chime in and say that i think um it's less about us administration as it is about the guests at ethanol um so on numerous occasions we've had uh speakers at facilities and operations and they're waiting to speak when we go along with safe schools so certainly we are at your mercy board members and whenever you guys want to meet we're we're ready and able but i do think moving it either either pushing fno to seven o'clock or like dr dietrich said the 5 45 start um i think that would be the right thing to do we've gone over mr casa had like a 30 meeting streak going but he lost that streak long ago it's over keeping it for 30 minutes no longer alive
011uh thanks covert uh so what about a recommendation 5 45 to uh to 6 45 that way we have that full hour for for um uh you know for our team in that way because i i still feel we are going to have those moments where we push back fno but if it's only 15 minutes at the worst that's a lot better see nodding heads uh any disagreement i move to accept wait a second second okay uh all in favor say i raise your hand to extend next year's time from 5 45 to 6 45 for safe schools hi all right motion passes we can move that to action all right thank you thank you um our next item i'll let dr bauer start here speak on some of our professional development and community partnerships
012developments as of late dr bauer yes thank you mr der and thank you to our board members um so it is it's not a secret and i believe it was well publicized that there was an incident at the high school a few weeks ago of which no one is proud and while i certainly cannot comment on a confidential student matter in certainly in a public forum because all students involved have privacy rights i do think it's appropriate and prudent for us to share some things that have happened since that altercation with members of this committee and certainly one of our favorite north bend high school students sahana can chime in at at some point because she was a part of some of our discussions um so since the incident um we have had and when
013i say we i mean the administration dr dietrich of course dr waters and some other administrators including mr nicholson our principal at the high school have had meetings with the ambler branch of the naacp and discussed uh the situation with with them and then we also discuss ways in which we can partner moving forward um to best meet the needs of all students in in our school district just some action items and certainly we had meetings that lasted well over an hour with each of these organizations that i'm going to speak about but just a couple highlights or action items one we have our cultural proficiency uh continuous improvement plan or uh what's the word comprehensive plan that's what i was looking for and specifically goal number three of that plan speaks to uh re
014recruitment uh hiring and retention and um a member of uh the naacp cabinet offered to meet with our gold chairs to offer some feedback and also to help us network to increase the diversity among our workforce in north penn to better represent our student body we also spoke about sharing and collaborating on our student handbooks dr waters and i are intending to attend a general membership meeting with the ambler branch just to discuss some of the steps that we've taken with cultural proficiency in the district and then ultimately uh we had some members uh join us on friday and dr lewis campbell who regularly attends our cultural proficiency executive committee meetings um we had a member from the branch attend there as well just offer some feedback and some insights ask some questions very very
015positive interactions about how we can work together um as you know community organization in the school district next i take great pride in the fact that we met with uh care c-a-i-r that stands for the council on american and islamic relations uh dr dietrich and i and dr waters met with them mr casa put us in touch with care and we had conversations about how they can support our professional development efforts meet with student groups and just help to bring overall awareness and understanding among those two groups we also had the privilege and opportunity to go over to the high school again the same crowd dr waters dr dietrich myself and mr nicholson and meet with students throughout all lunches uh on one afternoon a few weeks ago sahana was present in one of the
016groups with roughly 15 to 20 kids in that group and we talked to them about the incident but about ways in which and we we tried to get the students to focus on how can we improve um how can we work together to make things better and some wonderful suggestions that came out and i'm one not to pat sahana on the back too much but she really emphasized the fact that you know leveraging our students at the high school to help with cultural clubs and discussions and education well beyond the high school she highlighted the fact that there's so many opportunities at our high school but that doesn't always trickle down into the middle and elementary schools because they don't have that uh embedded infrastructure where you have student activities and after school activities and
017kids can drive and come on the weekends for events so we talked about ways in which we could really have a trickle-down effect into the younger grades we talked about creating a student-led support and mentorship program where students can go to like an advisory board and talk about problems that might be kind of simmering under the surface and prevent them incidents from kind of bubbling up to that surface and then we also talked about an anonymous tip line so often students don't want to get one another in trouble but they want to speak with someone and seek out resources yes we have safe to say but we discuss the fact that sometimes they want to be someone in school and have a conversation as opposed to just submitting a tip so kind of a anonymous
018dialogue if you will and ultimately one great suggestion sana this might have come from you as well is students seem to genuinely appreciate the time with us and they they want a platform or infrastructure to meet with us more frequently you know it's a shame that dr dietrich myself and dr dietrich does a great job of this he goes for his advisory boards at each of our 18 schools but just giving students more opportunities to meet with us and tell us what's on their mind and issues that they see in our school district and then lastly and then i'll break for questions i know i'm throwing a lot of things at you our district admin meeting last week i'm very proud to report that our female board members as well as dr waters met with
019women from the north penn mosque in light of the incident that occurred and discussed ways in which we could try to move forward as a community and we had two members from the two women from the north mosque come to our district admin meeting and have an open dialogue and a q a session with 65 administrators and they talked about the importance of the hijab and how we could what we could learn about not only the hijab but culturally and about their their religion things that they think we should know the really neat thing was the two women that came to our district admin meeting one of them is a district employee who attends north penn mosque and the other is a former student and now a parent in the district so really open and
020honest transparent q a where some of the principals were saying can you come talk to my teachers because rarely do we have an opportunity to sit down and have a conversation so that was really really helpful and insightful lastly we had a professional development opportunity that in that same meeting with mr summers the school district solicitor regarding policy 226 which had to do with searches and that was up for a first read last week at the action meeting but i think it's important because a lot of conversations took place about discipline and working with students in that professional development as well so i listed their opportunities with the naacp with care with our meetings with students at the high school and then our most recent district admin meeting so in conversations with mr casa in
021preparation for this meeting he really he he was i think i don't speak for you mr casa but was impressed with the the things that have taken place so far understanding that the work is not done of course um but uh important to share that with this committee and with the community we have any questions or insights from the board members committee members ms wesley yeah so thank you dr bauer and certainly an inclusive process that uh includes students and administration and and and the community particularly the ambler branch of the naacp so my questions would be not to be answered now but which ones which one of these initiatives ideas do you want to actually start to implement and when would you anticipate providing back to this committee or the full board um when
022you'll due dates on when you'll do whatever you choose you think is the best thing for the administration for the district because of what happened this is really responsive and very timely but everybody knows when these things happen you just got to keep you got to keep the pressure on to complete them or start them and we have a plan in place absolutely great question ms wesley um so some of it already has happened um and and processes are in place but i think the kind of the benchmark here is in the fall when we present the the comprehensive plan for cultural proficiency uh it is due up this year this is year three of a three year plan um and we're we're due to provide an an equity update uh in accordance with uh
023recently or in the last few months um the board policy um so i would expect to see those action items and those measurable goals um with benchmarks along the way in this plan that will hopefully be up for adoption in the fall just one more thing just my input but tahana can probably echo this so in corporate the the when the student said to you that they would like to have more frequent meetings with the administration i will say the same thing exists in the corporate world that for the top executives in corporations they would periodically meet with certain divisions or groups and you know we always would say wow that was so great we'd like to do it again and more frequently but schedules really get filled and therefore it doesn't happen but that
024would be one that i think would be helpful to make sure you have the pulse and the the input from the students themselves yeah that that's great advice and one i can certainly reflect upon so honda does a really good job in these meetings um and just saying make sure you include the kids make sure you include the kids um and it really if what i heard from you ms wesley is if you don't make it a priority it's not going to happen because our days get full and filled with other things and i need to personally i do believe dr dietrich does a better job of this than i i get so entrenched in in doing uh the grunt work you know behind the scenes that i don't schedule the time to get out
025and talk and and formally talk with kids of course i'm in the buildings i was in penfield today and i sat down with a focused group of teachers actually um but i need to i personally need to schedule that time and set that expectation for the administrators at large as well thank you would just say that if like since this is a priority a very simple way to solve like that problem is maybe just schedule it really like in advance like we have we know when the safe school meetings are going to be months in advance before they actually happen so that time is blocked out it's ready to go and like i do understand that all of you are very busy with all your jobs but it might be helpful to possibly schedule those
026that much in advance so you know when they're gonna happen you can promote it at a you know a convenient time for so students can plan accordingly and that way it's both a priority and it's also you know students get enough of a notice to be able to attend the meetings great thank you sana yes i just wanted to say thank you dr bowes for that report and that update um and as has been said by sinai and miss wesley the student voice is very important and um i agree that we need to do all we can do to ensure that they have our ear the administration's ear and you have their voice we know that sinai is graduating and so what initiatives are being put put forth to replace her on this committee and
027other students who are graduating what do we do to be proactive and get these students in place just in case a student who would replace tonight wanted to talk with her and have a conversation about it because when you initially start you're not as assertive as sani is now you're a little intimidated you're on the committee with all these administrators in the school board so what kind of training are we going to do to let students know their voices are valued and we want to hear from them even though they may feel a little intimidated but i'm just thinking that since they're still here this would have been a great time for a new student to connect with the current student leader in new york um on the board so i i mean uh this
028with all due respect sahana but sahana was probably our one student representative who didn't need encouragement to participate and provide her feedback she has always been eager and ready to speak up which i i think is just a wonderful quality and she's been a great addition to this committee but honestly dr lewis campbell i don't know how sahana how we were gifted sahana um how she ended up here did mr berger just put it out there who would like to be in involved or how did that happen i don't know how our student reps are chosen honestly i think there was um like an announcement about an application for a student representative which i happened to hear and i filled out the application and i never actually got a formal email back or anything so
029i never knew if i got it but um i just went to mr burger's office one day and we were talking about a different extracurricular and he asked me if i was a student representative and then i remembered that i had applied and that's kind of how it started so would you recommend changes to the process because dr lewis gamble raises a wonderful point of transition period here i know with um i had originally thought that our two student representatives at eci were doing just that transitioning but there's genuinely just two representatives they're there together um so you had no transition time correct you were the first representative on this committee first representative on like i still remember the first meeting i went to i was the first representative um and i would say like
030in terms of application process i don't know how much of it is in your hands versus mr burger's hands but it was not um like a lot of people didn't even know this position existed a lot of people still don't know this position exists so it's not um heavily talked about or brought up in like morning announcements or the morning show or things like that which is why i think so many people don't know about this committee or this position that i currently hold so that's one thing i would suggest is you know again giving that week or two week notice that you give for like club meetings and things like that so students know when to apply and et cetera et cetera and or like communicating through email or just heavily promoting it more
031so more students know about it and more students can take the opportunity and if you're doing an application make sure you get back to the student because i didn't i never heard back via email i had i heard back through a informal conversation um so that's what i would suggest with that well i love what the students campbell suggested i think it's a great suggestion to have that kind of transition and passing of you know the baton um you know to the next person uh we're going to make it a priority get a hold of you know the high school folks to see if you know the principal or the director of student activities has it on the radar to find the next person to be on this committee and if we can work it
032out yet that we can identify that person before you graduate you know we're going to connect the two of you um if at all possible but i love it i think that's you know extremely important because i think it you know really helps with transition so we're going to work on that so yeah and i'd be more than willing to talk to the next student representative about you know what i've been doing for the past two years and what they can do and i think it's just in terms of voicing opinions it's just being confident in what you want to say um so i've had that on my side for the past two years which is nice but yeah i'd be more than happy to talk to any of the student representatives that are gonna
033take on the rest of our positions i'm just thinking it should be for all the positions on the school board committees that have all of them have student reps we should do what we can to formalize the process so that um before we get to the point of a student graduating they as a group can talk to students who are interested so students can hear peer-to-peer what it is what it meant to them and all of the things they need to know yeah i would 100 agree you put in a much more concise way than i was able to but yeah definitely formalizing the process is very important i think when i when i took up the position it was a very new thing which is why there wasn't as many and as many formal
034steps to get to it um but 100 what you said formalizing the process having current students talk to prospective students you know maybe a guide of like what questions you have to answer like making it more formal will definitely be a big help into allowing more students to join this and the other thing i would also say is while i know safe school meetings are only once a month there are different meetings that i don't know how much students are allowed to weigh in on them but there are more meetings that i know are more frequent than that and to reiterate what you said having more students voicing their input on more school board meetings is important because again all these policies affect the students and i've said that time and time again well really
035quick story sahana i was the student representative to the school board in my community and then i was graduating college and many of the board members remembered me so they reached out to me and said would you be willing to run for school board we have some people running we don't really want to support but we would support you could so i ran for school board right after college largely because i had that connection when i was a student rep to the school board so you got to run for schoolwork when you're finished with college all right all right that's the deal i'll keep that in mind all right thank you dr dietrich always making sure we have the best uh to serve uh and thank you um sahana for for the that advice what
036i would like then to to put some action to our words is uh make a recommendation that at least we get an update in june on what our safe schools committee process will be does it not have to be long but you know by what point of the calendar year will we identify someone i'm going to trust that we're going to take care of the immediate future that we just discussed let's at least have a very basic structure to go over a process for this committee to approve uh in june and what i uh one of the things that the the bridge to next year uh would be really interesting if one day we had a safe schools uh committee meeting you know in one of the schools so it's crazy as that sounds but
037um that's sparked by your idea uh from our student rep about need to hear from students more so let's see what we can do about that uh i've one question and we are again the streak goes in the other way now we are late into the facilities and operations uh committee meeting so to to reinforce our earlier vote uh mr dar i i would like to to um at least get a a brief update from you um on and i know it's still in the process but by the june agenda can we get uh at least a top-line overview of of the hot wash from the incident that did occur and i know that's a typical practice that occurs uh with any incidents but that we're able to find out um you know through your
038work in the teams any identified gaps or next steps uh related to incidents such as what occurred at the high school absolutely thank you for that question i i did want to point out as you mentioned that it is customary after any any type of incident whether planned or unplanned um our prom from this past weekend a good example of a planned event where immediately following we conduct what you turn the hot washer and after action discussion to quickly pull out while it's fresh in the minds of those involved any lessons learned or things that we can apply moving forward and certainly in some cases where it's an event that's of you know higher significance we may have a structured conversation subsequently which we did in the case of the incident at the high school
039so i can absolutely provide that update and the items that we identified and our plan to address them in june we'll put it on the agenda thank you and i know one immediate item which came out of that is the school district acknowledged it was dealing with the cultural sensitivity in this case of the hijab and was there training that's been implemented is there sustainability to that type of sensitivity for any type of religious or cultural garb yeah i think as dr bauer mentioned as an administration we took the time to learn more about the significance as a leadership group immediately following we did discuss it as from a security lens following the incident and that's last week on tuesday we actually had a full day professional development session with the security officers since there
040was no school that was one of the items we discussed at length was the event items we could have handled differently and certainly the cultural significance there i would like i think it is far more impactful coming from the folks such as those that shared with the administrative group from the mosque they can explain directly the significance as it applies to them as i can't relate that as clearly um so i'd like to schedule a conversation with my team um with those folks um and they've done the folks from the north penn mosque have done that work with our local police departments as well i'm aware so they're they're well equipped to have that discussion with our staff and we'll have that regular regularly scheduled then throughout years moving forward absolutely as we onboard more
041staff that becomes an important part thank you uh any other uh questions comments insights i have one thing i have go ahead um i would just say like at least the discussions about the cultural significance of the job have happened after the incident and like i mentioned before there are many different cultures and backgrounds at north penn and that's something we pride ourselves on but at the same time just because there could be incidents in the future with you know a hindu student for example and then we don't want the same issue of we don't know the cultural significance of something that's important to them so while it's important that the school is and school administrators and you know other members are educating themselves about the hijab because that's what the focus was in this
042incident um i would also encourage um administrators and students you know students staff everyone in the north penn community to also educate themselves about other cultures and religions and you know sexuality so we can be inclusive and if an incident were to happen where someone else was targeted with a different background we already we've already had that step covered because we've already educated ourselves about that because it's not it might not happen with an individual who wears a job in the future it might happen with someone who have a different faith or a different background thank you beautifully beautifully said um yeah us understanding and uh learning about our differences and educating uh it will help make us all more culturally proficient and provide a more equitable experience for our students of course um great
043so i was gonna say and uh one last thing is um i think you will have you one more time i hope before you leave us for college but which session are you graduating in the ten the two or the six i'm currently graduating in the six o'clock six o'clock session but if i get the senior speaker gotcha then it'll be all three i'll deal with all three yeah all right so if you see mr casa get body checked uh for someone to shake your hand when you graduate i might be flying in to get my picture taken with you so uh looking forward to it sahana congratulations thank you yes congratulations on on behalf of all of us in this committee and on behalf of the community for for your work and your dedication
044and always being here so we look forward to that uh last meeting as well and uh know that your voice will uh always be welcome here uh well into the future also thank you mr casa so we'll move on now if there aren't any other items of any additional business seeing none we'll move on then to public comment mr gilmer do we have any raised hands if there are any comments now will be the time to raise your hand i see no hands that would end the second up mr linear just raised his hand and i don't think you need to read the statement again right no i think mr knows it alrighty sir so i've opened your microphone you're ready to begin state your name and address and begin your comments please jason air
045100 oak drive um so i'm uh lansdale i think i'm supposed to tell my township uh and then i i i hear um i don't know all that what happened the other day i kind of loosely know and i don't want to comment on that directly what i'd be more interested in is the the the terms that you guys are using i think act to tribalize people if you will or have people great breaking up in groups meaning that like everything i read about anti-racist tells me that you're segregating people based upon race or they naturally get segregated because you're saying to one group of people that they are been victimized by another one or there they have cultural appropriations or something along this line and and it causes a natural conflict when you when
046you do this so i'm not by enacting some of these policies aren't you in fact sort of planting the seeds of division amongst the students based upon their racial identity or their sexual identity or or what have you it's i i don't for the life of me cannot understand what the positivity is in doing this i'm not talking about understanding people's culture that's fine but when you when you segregate people in such a way that it reads to me is when i read the the literature on anti-racist it seems like you're causing a division to naturally occur and that this ultimately will end up in some sort of conflict and everybody will sit back and look at and say what can we do to make this up well how about not treating everybody as as
047uh groups of people how about as individuals and individuals in every group have there's individuals in any kind of group you want to put in in you know taking to mind that have problems and it might be from home life it might be from school it might be from whatever but that doesn't that doesn't apply the entire group in either direction positively or negatively so we are all individuals here and we need to treat people this individual not treat people broken up into groups it i'm still perplexed by by what the goal is here and i had mentioned before and i got i got uh corrected on this is not critical race theory what i've been reading up on is and it sure it sure seems like critical grace theory and i would like to
048hear your guys comment on how is it that when you do this this tactic of separating people into groups and and and kind of you know saying that well they're not being conscious they're not they're not being uh conscious of of of this aspect of this group how that's going to end in a positive way thank you thank you mr winner are there any other hands-raised mr gilmer there are no hands raised at this time i think that will conclude public comment mr lanier i would like to state that you seem to be struggling mightily over the last few months with equity and equality and what the goals of this district are and i really give you a lot of credit for being so honest and asking these questions i would also like to speak
049after hearing this for many many minutes built up over the past few months that division is in the eye of the beholder and having worked across all of the schools in the district and with the personnel and members of our community i see many more unifying factors and positivity that go towards the goal now wait for it because this is the goal we are preparing each individual of this community to be the most successful person they can with their skills abilities and passions and in order to be a successful person in this world in this world economy in this community you must have a nominal level of cultural proficiency not something that's dictated from on high these are the simplest things of people being able to get together and talk break bread together and have
050a better understanding when we are able to facilitate that as a community through learning and through a methodical educational process we are setting up our students to be the most successful individuals in this world that's what north penn is all about thank you with that we'll move on now to summary of items for work session or action meeting uh i believe the vote for the schedule is that something an action meeting mr durr that we would move forward i think that'll fall into the overall schedule for meetings of next year which will be approved by the board okay so i don't think that's anything we we have to worry ourselves with here then for process there are no other items the next meeting date for the safe schools committee is scheduled for monday june 28th
051at 6 00 p.m and we look forward to seeing sahana uh one more time and hopefully we'll know your your new representative as well so thank you very much everyone have a great night this meeting is adjourned we are going to the other link so this meeting will end